When should a pilot change frequencies in an emergency situation?

In an emergency situation, a pilot should change frequencies when there is a valid reason, which encompasses various scenarios that may arise during the flight. This includes situations where the pilot feels that they have a better chance of receiving assistance or clarification on a new frequency, changes in airspace requiring new communication, or simply switching to a frequency designated for emergencies.

The focus is on ensuring the safety of the flight and the well-being of those aboard. Pilots are trained to assess the situation quickly and make decisions that will provide the best possible outcome. Simply waiting for an instruction from ATC or adhering strictly to previous communication channels may not be conducive to effective emergency management. Moreover, there are moments in emergencies when a pilot may need to establish contact with other aircraft, nearby airports, or emergency services, necessitating a frequency change independent of their original ATC instructions.

The emphasis on a "valid reason" allows pilots the discretion to prioritize their immediate needs during emergencies without being restricted by protocols that may not suit their situation.